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Chemistry
Review Essays of Academic, Professional & Technical Books in the Humanities & Sciences
Environmental Chemistry
Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Second Edition edited by Donald Mackay (CRC) The Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Second Edition is a massive 4 volume essential reference for university libraries, regulatory agencies, consultants, and industry professionals, particularly those concerned with chemical synthesis, emissions, fate, persistence, long-range transport, bioaccumulation, exposure, and biological effects of chemicals in the environment. The handbook contains physical-chemical property data on over 1200 chemicals of environmental concern. It offers approximately 30 percent new and updated information from previous edition. An enhancement to this new edition is the inclusion of measured temperature-dependent data for selected physical-chemical properties. Transport and transformation processes are key for determining how humans and other organisms are exposed to chemicals. These processes are largely controlled by the chemicals' physical-chemical properties. This new edition of the Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals is a comprehensive series in four volumes that serves as a reference source for environmentally relevant physical-chemical property data of numerous groups of chemical substances.
The handbook contains physical-chemical property data from peer-reviewed journals and other valuable sources on over 1200 chemicals of environmental concern. The handbook contains new data on the temperature dependence of selected physical-chemical properties, which allows scientists and engineers to perform better chemical assessments for climatic conditions outside the 20-25-degree range for which property values are generally reported.
Features
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Contains introduction on how the data presented are used in chemical assessments
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Presents temperature-dependent data for selected physical-chemical properties, such as water solubility, vapor pressure, Henry's law constant, and octanol/water and octanol/air partition coefficients where available
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Provides temperature-dependent data in the form of data tables and graphs
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Emphasizes experimental data from original sources rather than quoted, estimated, or correlated values
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Offers approximately 30 percent new and updated information from the previous edition, including information for nearly 400 new organic chemicals
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Expands its coverage of PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, as well as brominated and fluorinated hydrocarbons
This second edition of the Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals is an essential reference for university libraries, regulatory agencies, consultants, and industry professionals, particularly those concerned with chemical synthesis, emissions, fate, persistence, long-range transport, bioaccumulation, exposure, and biological effects of chemicals in the environment.
This handbook is a compilation of environmentally relevant physical-chemical data for similarly structured groups of chemical substances. These data control the fate of chemicals as they are transported and transformed in the multimedia environment of air, water, soils, sediments, and their resident biota. These fate processes determine the exposure experienced by humans and other organisms and ultimately the risk of adverse effects. The task of assessing chemical fate locally, regionally, and globally is complicated by the large (and increasing) number of chemicals of potential concern; by uncertainties in their physical-chemical properties; and by lack of knowledge of prevailing environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, and deposition rates of solid matter from the atmosphere to water, or from water to bottom sediments. Further, reported values of properties such as solubility are often in conflict. Some are measured accurately, some approximately, and some are estimated by various correlation schemes from molecular structures. In some cases, units or chemical identity are wrongly reported. The user of such data thus has the difficult task of selecting the "best" or "right" values. There is justifiable concern that the resulting deductions of environmental fate may be in substantial error. For example, the potential for evaporation may be greatly underestimated if an erroneously low vapor pressure is selected.
To assist the environmental scientist and engineer in such assessments, this handbook contains compilations of physical-chemical property data for over 1000 chemicals. It has long been recognized that within homologous series, properties vary systematically with molecular size, thus providing guidance about the properties of one substance from those of its homologs. Where practical, plots of these systematic property variations can be used to check the reported data and provide an opportunity for interpolation and even modest extrapolation to estimate unmeasured properties of other substances. Most handbooks treat chemicals only on an individual basis and do not contain this feature of chemicalto-chemical comparison, which can be valuable for identifying errors and estimating properties. This most recent edition includes about 1250 compounds and contains about 30 percent additional physical-chemical property data. There is a more complete coverage of PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, and other halogenated hydrocarbons, especially brominated and fluorinated substances that are of more recent environmental concern. Values of the physical-chemical properties are generally reported in the literature at a standard temperature of 20 or 25°C. However, environmental temperatures vary considerably, and thus reliable data are required on the temperature dependence of these properties for fate calculations. A valuable enhancement to this edition is the inclusion of extensive measured temperature-dependent data for the first time. The data focus on water solubility, vapor pressure, and Henry's law constant but include octanol/water and octanol/air partition coefficients where available. They are provided in the form of data tables and correlation equations as well as graphs.
We also demonstrate in Chapter 1 how the data may be taken a stage further and used to estimate likely environmental partitioning tendencies, i.e., how the chemical is likely to become distributed between the various media that comprise our biosphere. The results are presented numerically and pictorially to provide a visual impression of likely environmental behavior. This will be of interest to those assessing environmental fate by confirming the general fate characteristics or behavior profile. It is, of course, only possible here to assess fate in a "typical" or "generic" or "evaluative" environment. No claim is made that a chemical will behave in this manner in all situations, but this assessment should reveal the broad characteristics of behavior. These evaluative fate assessments are generated using simple fugacity models that flow naturally from the compilations of data on physical-chemical properties of relevant chemicals. Illustrations of estimated environmental fate are given in Chapter 1 using Levels I, II, and III mass balance models. These and other models are available for downloading gratis from the website of the Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre at Trent University (www.trent.ca/cemc).
This new edition of the handbook should be of incalculable of value to environmental scientists and engineers and to students and teachers of environmental science. It aims to contribute to better assessments of chemical fate in our multimedia environment by serving as a reference source for environmentally relevant physical-chemical property data of classes of chemicals and by illustrating the likely behavior of these chemicals as they migrate throughout our biosphere.
Contents:
Volume I: Introduction and Hydrocarbons
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Aliphatic and Cyclic
Hydrocarbons
Chapter 3 Mononuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
Chapter 4 Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Related Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Volume II: Halogenated
Hydrocarbons
Chapter 5 Halogenated Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons
Chapter 6 Chlorobenzenes and
Other Halogenated Mononuclear Aromatics
Chapter 7 Polychlorinated
Biphenyls (PCBs)
Chapter 8 Chlorinated
Dibenzo-p-dioxins
Chapter 9 Chlorinated
Dibenzofurans
Volume III: Oxygen Containing
Compounds
Chapter 10 Ethers
Chapter 11 Alcohols
Chapter 12 Aldehydes and Ketones
Chapter 13 Carboxylic Acids
Chapter 14 Phenolic Compounds
Chapter 15 Esters
Volume IV: Nitrogen and Sulfur
Containing Compounds and Pesticides
Chapter 16 Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds
Chapter 17 Herbicides
Chapter 18 Insecticides
Chapter 19 Fungicides
Appendix 1 List of Symbols and Abbreviations
Appendix 2 Alphabetical Index
Appendix 3 CAS Registry Number Index
Basic Concepts of Environmental Chemistry, Second Edition by Des W. Connell (CRC) addresses such topics as polarity, partition behavior, fugacity, and solubility as well as the basic chemistry of compounds and processes in the environment. The text deals first with the basic properties of chemicals in terms of polarity, water solubility, and vapor pressure, followed by chapters on environmental transformations and toxicity. Expanding on the fundamentals presented, the book then describes contaminants in the environment and pollution processes in the air, water and soil environments. The second edition incorporates new advances in the field since 1997, including new material on toxic metals, atmospheric pollution, radionuclides, acid drainage water, and risk assessment.
In recent years, there has been an extraordinary development in our knowledge of the behavior and effects of chemicals in the environment. In the 1960s, our knowledge of environmental chemistry was confined principally to sets of data on the concentrations of chemicals in the environment. Now a body of specific knowledge has been developed that provides a theoretical basis for understanding distribution, transformation, toxicity, and other environmental properties of chemicals. Out of this has emerged a new branch of the discipline of chemistry that can be defined as follows:
Environmental chemistry is the study of sources, reactions, transport and fate of chemical entities in the air, water and soil environments as well as their effects on human health and the natural environment.
Environmental chemistry is probably the most interdisciplinary of all the branches of chemistry since it includes aspects of all the traditional chemistry branches, as well as biochemistry, toxicology, limnology, ecology, and so on. It has a practical focus on the environmental management of chemicals since that is a major area of concern. It also includes behavior of natural chemical entities in natural systems.
Environmental chemistry now has sufficient intellectual depth to provide the scope for undergraduate and graduate courses in chemistry. This book utilizes the fundamental properties of bonds and molecules as a framework for understanding the behavior and effects of environmental chemicals. The properties of common contaminants are illustrated using environmental behavior, rather than laboratory behavior, as the expression of the underlying bonding and molecular characteristics. It goes on to link these characteristics to biological effects in the environment, such as toxicity. Also, these fundamental aspects are utilized in considering the great global environmental chemistry processes, including respiration, photosynthesis, and so on. Recent developments in the management of hazardous chemicals, such as ecotoxicology and risk assessment, are treated as an aspect of environmental chemistry.
This book assumes only a basic prior knowledge of chemistry and is designed as a textbook for courses in environmental chemistry. Its objective is to provide knowledge of environmental chemistry based on a series of theoretical principles, rather than as a set of disjointed facts. It aims to give students not just knowledge of environmental chemistry, but an understanding of how and why processes in the environment occur. It can also be used as a basis for understanding chemistry, in general, since the principles apply generally as well as to the environment.
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